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ABSTRACT

Our project is designed to track individuals and record attendance through RFID technology. RFID is an acronym for “radio frequency identification” and refers to a technology whereby digital data encoded in RFID tags or smart labels are captured by a reader via radio waves. Our proposed project has an authentication system where the ID holder is authorized through RFID technology. RFID readers placed in different locations track individuals when crossing the RFID readers. RFID tags read the signals and we can locate a person’s current position. Attendance can also be recorded using the RFID tags and loaded into the databases and it is also used for accessing library functions..!

Introduction

Overview

The multidisciplinary idea of this rising innovation requires abilities from different scheming fields. Henceforth, keeping in mind the end goal to expand productivity and adequacy, numerous technological sectors are moving towards robotization of the major share of their exercises. This project begins by delineating the innovations associated with RFID and surveys
the issues raised by their general application. To manage on the cost, the initial step to consider is applying RFID to particular accumulations. Utilizing RFID Identification frameworks to supply stock, entrance surveillance, Libraries, Sports recreational, Labs and to accumulate perusing measurements is conceivable. The main intention is to show the innovation inside the setting of the university procedure and to feature issues which may raise moral concerns for the
line of work.

Motivation and Technical Relevance

The motivation for initiating this project are the following :
In this fast-moving world, for everyone, everything must be on their fingertips. Our project mainly aims at making universities grow through uprising technologies. Through RFID ID Tags ie our project we are implementing a hi-tech campus where everything needs less effort and time. Now the teachers need not take the attendance all the time and enter
it manually, the librarians do not have to keep the manual records of the books, details of students taken it, etc. The faculties of an institution can be traced within a fraction of seconds. All the details of students or staffs even their last location can be traced easily without any large procedures.

Reduce Human Effort

• It is very difficult to record attendance into software applications and updating features
of books their renew dates,the students who had taken it manually.
• There must be some way to avail such updates to all with minimum expense.
• Instead of entering manually we can use another application for entering these details
automatically.

Simplify patron self check-out / check-in

• The Patron Self Check station is basically a computer with a touch screen and a builtin RFID reader, plus special software for personal identification, book and other media
handling and circulation. After identifying the patron with a library ID card, a barcode
card, or his personal ID number (PIN), the patron is asked to choose the next action
(check-out of one or several books).
• After choosing check-out , the patron puts the book(s) in front of the screen on the RFID
reader and the display will show the book title and its ID number (other optional information can be shown if desired) which have been checked out.
• The patron then confirms that he has finished the check-out process and a receipt is
printed, showing which books have been borrowed and the return date. The RFID tag in
the book is set on quiet as a result no alarm will go off at the EAS gates.
• It is also possible to use the station for Check-In (return) of book

Other Applications

• Enhanced Facility Safety and Security
• All RFID tags within range can be detected instantly and matched with information in
your database
• RFID readers can read multiple RFID tags simultaneously, offering increases in efficiency
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Chapter 1. Introduction 3
• RFID can be integrated with active scanning and fixed readers for a totally automated
tracking solution.

RFID Technology

The method that uses radio waves to automatically identify objects within certain vicinity is called Radiofrequency Identification. RFID includes tagging objects with a transmitter which will send information including but not limited to the identification of the tag.
There are three main categories of tags: Active, Semi-active and Passive. The RFID system consists of tags (transponders) and tags reader. The most commonly used RFID transponders are Active tags (that does contain an internal battery power source that powJyothi Engineering College Dept. of CSE, 2018 Chapter 2. Literature Survey 8
ers the tags chip) and Passive tags (that do not have an internal power source, but are externally powered typically from the reader). The most important attributes of RFID systems is the operating frequency and the resulting range of the system. The transmission frequencies are classified into the three main ranges, LF (low frequency, 30-300 kHz), HF
(high frequency,3-30MHz), UHF(ultra-high frequency,300MHz-3 GHz) and microwave (>3 GHz). In general, the LF RFID systems have short reading ranges and lower system costs. In case longer reading range is required, HF RFID systems can be used, however, their cost is higher.

Communication Technologies

Zigbee, Bluetooth, Wibree, and WiFi are part of many different IEEE Wireless communication standards. These technologies have different features and properties on which they are accomplished. Zigbee is selected for this paper according to its low cost, long communication range and low power consumption.
In physical computing, there are many types of microcontrollers and microcontroller
platforms, all of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming and
wrap it up in an easy-to-use package
Arduino Microcontroller
An Arduino is a uni-board microcontroller and software ready for programming it. It
consists of a simple open hardware design for the controller with an Atmel AVR processor and on-board I/O support. Arduino software consists of a standard programming
language and the boot loader that runs on the board .The Arduino is considered as a
Physical or Embedded Computing platform, in another word, it can interact with its environment through the use of hardware and software.
Jyothi Engineering College Dept. of CSE, 2018
Chapter 2. Literature Survey 9
2.2.2 Toward Building Smart University
This section explains the description of RFID-enabled space,i.e. “Smart University”. To start
with, several actors should be tagged:
• Every employee will be tagged using RFID tag
• Every student will also be tagged having their unique tag
Also, RFID reader units are placed at strategic places as follows:
• RFID reader unit will be placed beside the door of each room
• Reader unit will also be placed at the University entrance and exit
• University cafeteria and common rooms will be equipped with reader node
• Labs and other facilities will also be having at-least one reader at the entrance of each
room

Employee and Student Identification

This is the most important task that the system would do in order to carry out the other use
cases of the system. When a user enters a room, his unique ID is sent to the control circuit
and the central attendance server. The person is identified and a log is made according to the
time and location. If the person identified has a valid ID, the control circuit performs the room
automation function as described in its profile.

Smart Attendance Record

Logging attendance for employees and students is always a oppressive job. Their check-in and
check-out time, duration of their presence, if managed manually is a huge task. Also, if done
using traditional methods like bare code, smart card and short range RFID lead to waste of time
and persons queue.

Room Automation

This is a very useful feature resulting in the ubiquitous use of electrical types of equipment and also helps
in power conservation. Against each authenticated user of a room, a profile is saved in the
control circuit that can handle four electrical equipments involving lights, data show, fans and
air conditioners. When an authenticated person enters the room, his ID is matched against its
Jyothi Engineering College Dept. of CSE, 2018

RFID : Past, Present, Future

RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) is a technology for automated identification of objects and people. Human beings are skillful at identifying objects under a variety of challenge circumstances. A bleary-eyed person can easily pick out a cup of coffee on a cluttered breakfast table in the morning, for example. Computer vision, though, performs such tasks poorly.
RFID may be viewed as a means of explicitly labeling objects to facilitate their “perception” by computing devices.

Elements of an RFID system

RFID systems fundamentally consist of four elements: the RFID tags themselves, the
RFID readers, the antennas and choice of radio characteristics, and the computer network (if
any)that is used to connect the readers.The RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit (IC)
embedded in a thin film medium. Information stored in the memory of the RFID chip is transmitted by the antenna circuit embedded in the RFID inlay via radio frequencies, to an RFID
reader. The performance characteristics of the RFID tag will then be determined by factors
such as the type of IC used, the read/write capability, the radio frequency, power settings, environment, etc.RFID tags are categorized as either passive or active depending on whether they
have an on-board power source or not.
• Passive tags do not have an integrated power source and are powered from the signal carried by the RFID reader. Generally, these tags are powered by the reader antenna through
an antenna located on the tag. The reader’s transmission is coupled to the specially designed antenna through induction or E-field capacitance which generates a small voltage
potential. This power is then used by the IC to transmit a signal back to the reader or
reflect back a modulated, encoded identification.
• Semi-passive tags have an on-board power source, such as a battery, which is used to
run the microchip’s circuitry. However, these tags utilize a battery but still operate using
Jyothi Engineering College Dept. of CSE, 2018

backscatter techniques. Tags of this type have a greater range than totally passive tags and
have the ability to monitor sensor inputs even when they are not in the presence of an RF
field.
• Active tags incorporate a battery to transmit a signal to a reader antenna. These tags either
emit a signal at a predefined interval or transmit only when addressed by a reader. Either
way, the battery provides the power for RF transmissions, not an inductive or capacitive
coupling. As a result of the built-in battery, active tags can operate at a greater distance
and at higher data rates, in return for a limited life.

Different modes of an RFID chip

• Read-write: for a read/write tag, data can be written and erased on-demand at the point
of application. Since a rewriteable tag can be updated numerous times, its reusability
can help to reduce the number of tags that need to be purchased and add greater flexibility and intelligence to the application. Additionally, data can be added as the item
moves through the supply chain, providing better traceability and updated information.
Advanced features also include locking, encryption and disabling the RFID tag.
• Read-only: For the read-only tag, the information stored must be recorded during the manufacturing process and cannot be typically modified or erased. The data stored normally
represents a unique serial number, which is used as a reference to lookup more details
about a particular item in a host system database. Read-only tags are therefore useful for
identifying an object, much like the “license plate” of a car.
• Write-once: These differ from read-only tags in that they allow the end-user to program the tag’s memory. Therefore, as an item progresses down a conveyor, for ex- ample,
an end-user can encode a write-once tag with the item’s serial number or part
RFID systems are designed to operate at a number of designated frequencies, depending on the
application requirements and local radio-frequency regulations. Four main frequency ranges
exist:
• Low Frequency (125 kHz)
• High Frequency (13.56MHz)
• Ultra High Frequency (860-960 MHz)
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Chapter 2. Literature Survey 12
• Microwave (2.45 GHz)

RFID today

RFID is used extensively today, around the world and in a world of ways. In 2010 three
key factors driving a significant increase in RFID usage: decreased cost of equipment and tags,
increased performance to a reliability of 99.9% and a stable international standard around UHF
passive systems. At RFID Journal Live 2010 in Orlando, Airbus detailed 16 active projects.
The two other areas of significant use are financial services for IT asset tracking and healthcare
with more than 60% of the top medical device companies using passive UHF RFID in 2010.
RFID is becoming increasingly prevalent as the price of technology decreases. In March,
2010 a Korean laboratory successfully created a printed chip using carbon nanotubes that would
halve the price of a passive UHF RFID tag to about three cents by late 2011[2].
RFID has been used for years as personal identification in the form of an employee badge
used to provide access to secured buildings. The badges can take many form factors and provide
a tamper-proof form of identification. They can also be used for automated time and attendance
tracking, enabling companies to streamline payroll and maximize resource allocation.

Proposed System

The main objective of our proposed system is to fully automate the universities with the RFID ID Tags. Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is the use of radio waves to read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object. A tag can be read from up to several feet away and does not need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked. RFID
smart ID card plays an imperative part in the university purposes for every single individual present in the university including of the staff, understudies, supporting staff, and so forth to enter into different spots such as a library, sports complex, food court, labs, incubation center and many more without trouble. From a solitary ID card, just a single individual can enter thereby providing security and safety. Our proposed system is a RFID ID TAGS for students and staffs of an educational organization. Tags are not single application-specific but multiple application-specific where a single
The RFID ID tag is used for attendance listing, for accessing library functions, details of students, last location, etc. We can also find the locations of staff using this RFID ID tags.

This system consists of a Database where all the details will be stored and updated. Any information requested by the RFID tag sensed by RFID reader is obtained from the database. The database includes student and staff details, library and attendance details. RFID ID Tags works in a simple way. A person has to swipe the card when he enters to a room or any place inside the campus the RFID reader captures this signals and perform the operations according to the requests like tracking a person, attendance listing, tracking books and obtaining details of staff, worker, student or employee.

Features

The main feature of this proposed system is that they are MULTI APPLICATION SPECIFIC.It means that all the RFID applications we use still are single application-specific ie
Jyothi Engineering College Dept. of CSE, 2018

 Proposed System

one RFID tag can be used oly for particular specified applications. It can be used for either for attendance listing, book tracking or vehicle parking systems. RFID ID Tags that we proposed can be used for all the above functions with a single specified card.

The other features of our proposed system are:
• Student Attendance Record: It is for automatically listing attendance
• Authentication: Authentication is for providing access to for authorized people of a
system
• Staff Tracking System And Records: To track locations and for storing the details
• Recording Details Of Students And Staffs

 Modules

• RFID tag
This tag contains an integrated into the built circuit that is used for storing, processing information through modulating and demodulating of the radio frequency signal that is being
transmitted. Thus, the data stored in this card is referred to as the identification.
• RFID card reader
It reads the data and verifies it with the data stored in the database
• RFID SMART Card/Label Printing and Management
• Smart Graphical User Interface to represent real-tim wise User-Friendly software Application
• Arduino Mega
• GUI WEB Application
• Database to store the logs
• ZigBee

Conclusion

Our proposed system makes a university fully automated. Everything including locations, information about students and staffs will be easy to identify and access. A significant perspective for the effective usage of an RFID framework in a university is the comprehension of how university employees associate with patrons/clients. A smart space created with the utilization of RFID innovation brings various points of interest. Utilizing our concept of RFID Monitoring Systems, we will have the capacity to fortify the safety aspects of every individual student in a university. Ensuring the security of every single individual in a university/college has been a testing factor for all through the world. Utilizing our concept of RFID Monitoring
Systems, we will have the capacity to fortify the safety aspects of every individual student in a university. RFID is expanding permeability not simply internally, but rather inventory network to the others from one goes to the next everywhere throughout the world utilized by the tremendous measure of associations. Despite the fact that few out of every odd university has executed Radio-frequency identification innovation, it has been persistently expanding, and this
pattern/trend is expected to continue in the future.

Regards

MEGHA K J
NIVEDYA P
NOEL VINCENT
PREETHA P B
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH) in COMPUTER SCIENCE&ENGINEERINGof A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Under the guidance of Ms.SOBHA XAVIER

Ref:https://www.cnet.com/news/second-generation-rfid-tags-on-the-way/